Sunday, December 16, 2012

Jesse Wright wins saddle bronc season title

LAS VEGAS (AP) ? Jesse Wright edged Cody DeMoss by $797 in the saddle bronc season standings for his first world title, finishing fourth with an 80.5-point ride on Pedro on Saturday night in the 10th and final round of the National Finals Rodeo.

"I didn't have that great of a finals, but to come down to the end of it and to ride my horses and win the world title without being high up in the average (NFR aggregate) feels outstanding," Wright said. "I had a great regular season and everything panned out enough here for it all to work out.

Wright, from Milford, Utah, earned $226,887.

"This is better than what I ever thought it would feel like," he said. "It hasn't come close to sinking in yet, and I can't comprehend it. To be classified as a world champion and to be in the same category as my brother (Cody), who is a great bronc rider, is a dream I've had since I've started riding broncs."

DeMoss, from Heflin, La., won the round with an 86 on Painted Feather and earned a $46,821 bonus by topping the NFR aggregate standings with 798.5 points for 10 rides.

Cody Wright led the NFR saddle bronc earnings race with $121,322. He was second with an 85 on Resistol's Top Hat, and finished second in the aggregate with 740.5 points for nine rides.

In bull riding, Cody Teel of Kountze, Texas, passed J.W. Harris of Mullin, Texas, in the final round to take the title. Teel earned $11,484 with the sixth-place NFR aggregate standings bonus to take the title with $201,978. Harris was second with $200,922. Both were bucked off in the final round.

"This is what you work all year to do and I think right now that it doesn't matter how you do it, as long as you get the job done," Teel said. "It's my first gold buckle and I just couldn't stop staring at it when they handed it to me."

Beau Schroeder of China, Texas, won the aggregate race with five rides for 423 points.

Defending world champ Shane Proctor of Grand Coulee, Wash., won the round with an 86.5 on Squawk Box.

In barrel racing, 53-year-old Mary Walker of Ennis, Texas, won the season title in her first NFR, finishing sixth in 14.01 seconds. She earned $274,233, and finished with an event-best $146,941.

Carlee Pierce of Stephenville, Texas, won the round in 13.57.

In bareback riding, Kaycee Feild of Payson, Utah, repeated as the champion and aggregate standings winner by tying for third with an 85.5 on Scarlett's Web. Feild earned $276,850, and Will Lowe of Canyon, Texas, was second with $220,269. Feild is the first bareback rider to win consecutive titles since Lowe in 2006-07.

"I'm friends with a lot of past world champions, and they always say the second one is a little more tough than the first one," Feild said. "I don't know why, but I found that to be true. To come here and stay on top the whole time in Vegas and stay strong was tough. Bareback riding is simple. It's just having the right mindset."

J.R. Vezain of Cowley, Wyo., won the round with an 86.5 on Top Flight.

In steer wrestling, Luke Branquinho of Los Alamos, Calif., won his second straight season title and fourth overall, finishing with $147,184. He tied for fifth in the round with a 4.2.

Branquinho is the first to win two straight titles since Ote Berry in 1990-91, and tied Berry and Jim Bynum for second place on the career steer wrestling title list with four.

"You hear that stuff coming up before you even get in that situation," Branquinho said. "It's great. You just don't think about it. You just go out there and try to win as much money as you can. Now, to be able to say that I'm in that elite group, it's an honor. Four is just unbelievable."

Les Shepperson of Midwest, Wyo., won the aggregate standings race at 48.60.

Gabe Ledoux of Kaplan, La., won the round in 3.3.

In team roping, there was a split world championship for the first time since 2007 when Chad Masters of Cedar Hill, Tenn., won the header title with $196,099, and Jade Corkill of Fallon, Nev., took the heeler crown with $190,797. Clay O'Brien Cooper of Gardnersville, Nev., who is Masters' partner, was second for heelers with $189,666, while Kaleb Driggers of Albany, Ga., who ropes with Corkill, was second among the headers with $194,888.

Driggers and Corkill won the round in 4.0, and Masters and Cooper finished fifth in 5.2. Masters and Cooper won the aggregate standings race at 73.40 to earn the $46,821 bonus.

Header Trevor Brazile of Decatur, Texas, and heeler Patrick Smith of Lipan, Texas, who led for the first nine rounds, broke the barrier and failed to earn a check after finishing outside the top six.

Brazile, who was seeking his NFR record-tying 18th gold buckle, finished with $182,903, and Smith ended up with $184,403, which put both of them in third place in the world standings.

In tie-down roping, Tuf Cooper of Decatur, Texas, won the title by finishing sixth in 7.9.

Cooper earned $232,885, while second-place Justin Maass of Giddings, Texas, made $197,594.

Adam Gray of Seymour, Texas, was the aggregate standings champion with a time of 87.80 over 10 rounds. Cooper was second at 90.60.

Five-time world champion Cody Ohl of Hico, Texas, won the round in 7.0.

In all-around, Brazile clinched his record 10th world championship and seventh in a row Monday night, and finished with $298,626.

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/jesse-wright-wins-saddle-bronc-season-title-055240438--spt.html

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Thursday, December 13, 2012

Baseball backs merger with softball in Olympic bid

(AP) ? The International Baseball Federation has formally approved a merger with softball's governing body in a joint bid to return to the Olympics.

IBAF says the creation of a single international federation received unanimous approval in a mail-in vote of its members.

The International Softball Federation approved the move in October.

IBAF President Riccardo Fraccari says "this is another critical step in the long-term prosperity and development of softball and baseball worldwide. We look forward to presenting an exceptional value proposal to the Olympic movement for 2020 and beyond."

Baseball and softball are bidding jointly to win a spot on the program for the 2020 Games.

The IOC will vote in September. Karate, roller sports, squash, sport climbing, wakeboard and wushu also are competing.

Baseball and softball, voted out by the IOC in 2005, were last played at the 2008 Beijing Olympics.

Associated Press

Source: http://hosted2.ap.org/APDEFAULT/347875155d53465d95cec892aeb06419/Article_2012-12-13-OLY-Baseball-Softball-Bid/id-59edb3371fef42abb84e656912c74b1f

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Fed: Rates to stay low until jobless below 6.5%

1 hr.

The Federal Reserve is keeping its foot hard on the economy?s accelerator amid persistent high unemployment that may be sapping the confidence of consumers and businesses.

The nation's central bank announced Thursday that it would purchase longer-term Treasury securities to the tune of $45 billion per month to maintain a drive to help accelerate the sluggish economy and boost employment.

It also, for the first time, set a specific target for how long interest rates would remain at historic lows near zero percent: as long as the unemployment rate, now at around 7.9 percent, remains above 6.5 percent.

"Although the unemployment rate has declined somewhat since the summer, it remains elevated," the Fed said in a statement released after a two-day meeting of its policy setting Federal Open Market Committee.

LIVE VIDEO: Ben Bernanke holds press briefing on current economic projections?

Consumers and businesses also?have turned gloomy as Congress and the White House remain deadlocked on a budget deal. Until a compromise is reached by year-end, a half trillion-dollar package of tax hikes and spending cut will kick in, producing a major drag on economic growth.

The mood of American consumers ? who account for more than two third of economic activity ? turned markedly sour this month, according to a survey released last week. The Thomson Reuters/University of Michigan's preliminary reading of its index of consumer sentiment plunged to the lowest level since August.

Small business managers are also feeling downbeat. Sentiment tumbled to its lowest level in more than 2-1/2 years in November, according to the National Federation of Independent Business. The group?s monthly optimism index plummeted to its weakest reading since March 2010.

The extension of the central bank?s bond buying program, known as ?Operation Twist,? was widely expected and has helped prop up stock markets over the past few sessions. The plan involves buying Treasury debt in the open market, which helps create more demand and drive interest rates lower. Record low mortgage rates have helped revive the housing market and lowered monthly payment for millions of homeowners, freeing up more money for consumer spending.

The vote was nearly unanimous, with one dissenting vote from Jeffrey Lacker, president of the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond.?

Source: http://www.nbcnews.com/business/economywatch/fed-tweaks-stimulus-plan-help-boost-economy-1C7578242

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Tuesday, December 11, 2012

Do we live in a computer simulation? Researchers say idea can be tested

Do we live in a computer simulation? Researchers say idea can be tested [ Back to EurekAlert! ] Public release date: 10-Dec-2012
[ | E-mail | Share Share ]

Contact: Vince Stricherz
vinces@uw.edu
206-543-2580
University of Washington

A decade ago, a British philosopher put forth the notion that the universe we live in might in fact be a computer simulation run by our descendants. While that seems far-fetched, perhaps even incomprehensible, a team of physicists at the University of Washington has come up with a potential test to see if the idea holds water.

The concept that current humanity could possibly be living in a computer simulation comes from a 2003 paper published in Philosophical Quarterly by Nick Bostrom, a philosophy professor at the University of Oxford. In the paper, he argued that at least one of three possibilities is true:

  • The human species is likely to go extinct before reaching a "posthuman" stage.
  • Any posthuman civilization is very unlikely to run a significant number of simulations of its evolutionary history.
  • We are almost certainly living in a computer simulation.

He also held that "the belief that there is a significant chance that we will one day become posthumans who run ancestor simulations is false, unless we are currently living in a simulation."

With current limitations and trends in computing, it will be decades before researchers will be able to run even primitive simulations of the universe. But the UW team has suggested tests that can be performed now, or in the near future, that are sensitive to constraints imposed on future simulations by limited resources.

Currently, supercomputers using a technique called lattice quantum chromodynamics and starting from the fundamental physical laws that govern the universe can simulate only a very small portion of the universe, on the scale of one 100-trillionth of a meter, a little larger than the nucleus of an atom, said Martin Savage, a UW physics professor.

Eventually, more powerful simulations will be able to model on the scale of a molecule, then a cell and even a human being. But it will take many generations of growth in computing power to be able to simulate a large enough chunk of the universe to understand the constraints on physical processes that would indicate we are living in a computer model.

However, Savage said, there are signatures of resource constraints in present-day simulations that are likely to exist as well in simulations in the distant future, including the imprint of an underlying lattice if one is used to model the space-time continuum.

The supercomputers performing lattice quantum chromodynamics calculations essentially divide space-time into a four-dimensional grid. That allows researchers to examine what is called the strong force, one of the four fundamental forces of nature and the one that binds subatomic particles called quarks and gluons together into neutrons and protons at the core of atoms.

"If you make the simulations big enough, something like our universe should emerge," Savage said. Then it would be a matter of looking for a "signature" in our universe that has an analog in the current small-scale simulations.

Savage and colleagues Silas Beane of the University of New Hampshire, who collaborated while at the UW's Institute for Nuclear Theory, and Zohreh Davoudi, a UW physics graduate student, suggest that the signature could show up as a limitation in the energy of cosmic rays.

In a paper they have posted on arXiv, an online archive for preprints of scientific papers in a number of fields, including physics, they say that the highest-energy cosmic rays would not travel along the edges of the lattice in the model but would travel diagonally, and they would not interact equally in all directions as they otherwise would be expected to do.

"This is the first testable signature of such an idea," Savage said.

If such a concept turned out to be reality, it would raise other possibilities as well. For example, Davoudi suggests that if our universe is a simulation, then those running it could be running other simulations as well, essentially creating other universes parallel to our own.

"Then the question is, 'Can you communicate with those other universes if they are running on the same platform?'" she said.

###

For more information, contact Savage at 206-543-7481 or mjs5@uw.edu; or Davoudi at 206-543-9310 or davoudi@uw.edu.


[ Back to EurekAlert! ] [ | E-mail | Share Share ]

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Do we live in a computer simulation? Researchers say idea can be tested [ Back to EurekAlert! ] Public release date: 10-Dec-2012
[ | E-mail | Share Share ]

Contact: Vince Stricherz
vinces@uw.edu
206-543-2580
University of Washington

A decade ago, a British philosopher put forth the notion that the universe we live in might in fact be a computer simulation run by our descendants. While that seems far-fetched, perhaps even incomprehensible, a team of physicists at the University of Washington has come up with a potential test to see if the idea holds water.

The concept that current humanity could possibly be living in a computer simulation comes from a 2003 paper published in Philosophical Quarterly by Nick Bostrom, a philosophy professor at the University of Oxford. In the paper, he argued that at least one of three possibilities is true:

  • The human species is likely to go extinct before reaching a "posthuman" stage.
  • Any posthuman civilization is very unlikely to run a significant number of simulations of its evolutionary history.
  • We are almost certainly living in a computer simulation.

He also held that "the belief that there is a significant chance that we will one day become posthumans who run ancestor simulations is false, unless we are currently living in a simulation."

With current limitations and trends in computing, it will be decades before researchers will be able to run even primitive simulations of the universe. But the UW team has suggested tests that can be performed now, or in the near future, that are sensitive to constraints imposed on future simulations by limited resources.

Currently, supercomputers using a technique called lattice quantum chromodynamics and starting from the fundamental physical laws that govern the universe can simulate only a very small portion of the universe, on the scale of one 100-trillionth of a meter, a little larger than the nucleus of an atom, said Martin Savage, a UW physics professor.

Eventually, more powerful simulations will be able to model on the scale of a molecule, then a cell and even a human being. But it will take many generations of growth in computing power to be able to simulate a large enough chunk of the universe to understand the constraints on physical processes that would indicate we are living in a computer model.

However, Savage said, there are signatures of resource constraints in present-day simulations that are likely to exist as well in simulations in the distant future, including the imprint of an underlying lattice if one is used to model the space-time continuum.

The supercomputers performing lattice quantum chromodynamics calculations essentially divide space-time into a four-dimensional grid. That allows researchers to examine what is called the strong force, one of the four fundamental forces of nature and the one that binds subatomic particles called quarks and gluons together into neutrons and protons at the core of atoms.

"If you make the simulations big enough, something like our universe should emerge," Savage said. Then it would be a matter of looking for a "signature" in our universe that has an analog in the current small-scale simulations.

Savage and colleagues Silas Beane of the University of New Hampshire, who collaborated while at the UW's Institute for Nuclear Theory, and Zohreh Davoudi, a UW physics graduate student, suggest that the signature could show up as a limitation in the energy of cosmic rays.

In a paper they have posted on arXiv, an online archive for preprints of scientific papers in a number of fields, including physics, they say that the highest-energy cosmic rays would not travel along the edges of the lattice in the model but would travel diagonally, and they would not interact equally in all directions as they otherwise would be expected to do.

"This is the first testable signature of such an idea," Savage said.

If such a concept turned out to be reality, it would raise other possibilities as well. For example, Davoudi suggests that if our universe is a simulation, then those running it could be running other simulations as well, essentially creating other universes parallel to our own.

"Then the question is, 'Can you communicate with those other universes if they are running on the same platform?'" she said.

###

For more information, contact Savage at 206-543-7481 or mjs5@uw.edu; or Davoudi at 206-543-9310 or davoudi@uw.edu.


[ Back to EurekAlert! ] [ | E-mail | Share Share ]

?


AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.


Source: http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2012-12/uow-dwl121012.php

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Monday, December 10, 2012

Point of light

Monday, December 10, 2012

As technology advances, it tends to shrink. From cell phones to laptops?powered by increasingly faster and tinier processors?everything is getting thinner and sleeker. And now light beams are getting smaller, too.

Engineers at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) have created a device that can focus light into a point just a few nanometers (billionths of a meter) across?an achievement they say may lead to next-generation applications in computing, communications, and imaging.

Because light can carry greater amounts of data more efficiently than electrical signals traveling through copper wires, today's technology is increasingly based on optics. The world is already connected by thousands of miles of optical-fiber cables that deliver email, images, and the latest video gone viral to your laptop.

As we all produce and consume more data, computers and communication networks must be able to handle the deluge of information. Focusing light into tinier spaces can squeeze more data through optical fibers and increase bandwidth. Moreover, by being able to control light at such small scales, optical devices can also be made more compact, requiring less energy to power them.

But focusing light to such minute scales is inherently difficult. Once you reach sizes smaller than the wavelength of light?a few hundred nanometers in the case of visible light?you reach what's called the diffraction limit, and it's physically impossible to focus the light any further.

But now the Caltech researchers, co-led by assistant professor of electrical engineering Hyuck Choo, have built a new kind of waveguide?a tunnellike device that channels light?that gets around this natural limit. The waveguide, which is described in a recent issue of the journal Nature Photonics, is made of amorphous silicon dioxide?which is similar to common glass?and is covered in a thin layer of gold. Just under two microns long, the device is a rectangular box that tapers to a point at one end.

As light is sent through the waveguide, the photons interact with electrons at the interface between the gold and the silicon dioxide. Those electrons oscillate, and the oscillations propagate along the device as waves?similarly to how vibrations of air molecules travel as sound waves. Because the electron oscillations are directly coupled with the light, they carry the same information and properties?and they therefore serve as a proxy for the light.

Instead of focusing the light alone?which is impossible due to the diffraction limit?the new device focuses these coupled electron oscillations, called surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs). The SPPs travel through the waveguide and are focused as they go through the pointy end.

Because the new device is built on a semiconductor chip with standard nanofabrication techniques, says Choo, the co-lead and the co-corresponding author of the paper, it is easy integrate with today's technology

Previous on-chip nanofocusing devices were only able to focus light into a narrow line. They also were inefficient, typically focusing only a few percent of the incident photons, with the majority absorbed and scattered as they traveled through the devices.

With the new device, light can ultimately be focused in three dimensions, producing a point a few nanometers across, and using half of the light that's sent through, Choo says. (Focusing the light into a slightly bigger spot, 14 by 80 nanometers in size, boosts the efficiency to 70 percent). The key feature behind the device's focusing ability and efficiency, he says, is its unique design and shape.

"Our new device is based on fundamental research, but we hope it's a good building block for many potentially revolutionary engineering applications," says Myung-Ki Kim, a postdoctoral scholar and the other lead author of the paper.

For example, one application is to turn this nanofocusing device into an efficient, high-resolution biological-imaging instrument, Kim says. A biologist can dye specific molecules in a cell with fluorescent proteins that glow when struck by light. Using the new device, a scientist can focus light into the cell, causing the fluorescent proteins to shine. Because the device concentrates light into such a small point, it can create a high-resolution map of those dyed molecules. Light can also travel in the reverse direction through the nanofocuser: by collecting light through the narrow point, the device turns into a high-resolution microscope.

The device can also lead to computer hard drives that hold more memory via heat-assisted magnetic recording. Normal hard drives consist of rows of tiny magnets whose north and south poles lay end to end. Data is recorded by applying a magnetic field to switch the polarity of the magnets.

Smaller magnets would allow more memory to be squeezed into a disc of a given size. But the polarities of smaller magnets made of current materials are unstable at room temperature, causing the magnetic poles to spontaneously flip?and for data to be lost. Instead, more stable materials can be used?but those require heat to record data. The heat makes the magnets more susceptible to polarity reversals. Therefore, to write data, a laser is needed to heat the individual magnets, allowing a surrounding magnetic field to flip their polarities.

Today's technology, however, can't focus a laser into a beam that is narrow enough to individually heat such tiny magnets. Indeed, current lasers can only concentrate a beam to an area 300 nanometers wide, which would heat the target magnet as well as adjacent ones?possibly spoiling other recorded data.

Because the new device can focus light down to such small scales, it can heat smaller magnets individually, making it possible for hard drives to pack more magnets and therefore more memory. With current technology, discs can't hold more than 1 terabyte (1,000 gigabytes) per square inch. A nanofocusing device, Choo says, can bump that to 50 terabytes per square inch.

Then there's the myriad of data-transfer and communication applications, the researchers say. As computing becomes increasingly reliant on optics, devices that concentrate and control data-carrying light at the nanoscale will be essential?and ubiquitous, says Choo, who is a member of the Kavli Nanoscience Institute at Caltech. "Don't be surprised if you see a similar kind of device inside a computer you may someday buy."

The next step is to optimize the design and to begin building imaging instruments and sensors, Choo says. The device is versatile enough that relatively simple modifications could allow it to be used for imaging, computing, or communication.

###

California Institute of Technology: http://www.caltech.edu

Thanks to California Institute of Technology for this article.

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Source: http://www.labspaces.net/125824/Point_of_light

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