Wednesday, October 16, 2013

Kendrick Lamar Slams "Sensitive" Drake at 2013 BET Hip Hop Awards, Plus the Complete Winners List


Kendrick Lamar took home five awards at the 2013 BET Hip Hop Awards. But it was the emcee's controversial verse that actually swept Tuesday evening's telecast.


Before he even took to the stage to perform, #KendricksVerse was already trending on Twitter.


PHOTOS: Miley Cyrus vs. Kanye West's quotes: Who said it?


The artist, whose pointed dig at Drake and other hip-hop contemporaries stirred trouble after the release of his guest verse on Big Sean's "Control," finally responded to the feud during the show, which was taped Sept. 28 at the Boisfeuillet Jones Atlanta Civic Center in Atlanta, Ga. In two minutes of an emotionally-fueled TDE cypher, Lamar spewed, "Yeah, and nothing's been the same since they dropped 'Control.' And tucked a sensitive rapper back in his pajama clothes."


"Pin the tail on the donkey, boy you been a fake," he continued.


PHOTOS: Celebrities' biggest, most outrageous demands


While the Nothing Was the Same artist was not present at the show to react to the jab, Drake nabbed a healthy helping of awards including the People's Champ honor for his single, "Started From the Bottom." He also won Best Hip-Hop Video for the same track. Other winners included Jay Z and J. Cole. View the complete list below.


Best Hip-Hop Video: Drake - "Started From the Bottom"


Best Collaboration, Duo or Group: A$AP Rocky (ft. Drake, 2 Chainz and Kendrick Lamar) - "F---in' Problems"


Best Live Performer: Jay Z


Lyricist of the Year: Kendrick Lamar


Video Director of the Year: Benny Boom


Hustler of the Year: Jay Z


PHOTOS: Us Weekly's Most Stylish New Yorkers 2013


Best Hip-Hop Style: A$AP Rocky, Nicki Minaj


Best Hip-Hop Online Site: World Star Hip-Hop


Best Club Banger: French Montana (feat. Rick Ross, Drake and Lil Wayne) - "Pop That"


Album of the Year: Kendrick Lamar - good kid, m.A.A.d city


Sweet 16: Kendrick Lamar - "F---in' Problems"


Impact Track: J. Cole (feat. TLC) - "Crooked Smile"


MVP of the Year: Kendrick Lamar


Track of the Year: Mike Zombie and Noah "40" Shebib - "Started From the Bottom" 


Producer of the Year: Mike Will Made It


DJ of the Year: DJ Drama


Best Mixtape: Big Sean - Detroit


Rookie of the Year: A$AP Ferg


People's Champ Award: Drake - "Started From the Bottom"


Source: http://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-news/news/kendrick-lamar-slams-drake-2013-bet-hip-hop-awards-complete-winners-list-20131610
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Kicking the Can Down the Road

[unable to retrieve full-text content]Thomas Friedman, New York Times
Eventually this shutdown crisis will end. And eventually the two parties will make another stab at a deal on taxes, investments and entitlements. But there’s one outcome from such negotiations that I can absolutely guarantee: Seniors, Wall Street and unions will all have their say and their interests protected. So the most likely result will be more tinkering around the edges, as our politicians run for the hills the minute someone accuses them of “fixing the deficit on the backs of the elderly” or creating “death panels” to sensibly allocate end-of-life health care. Could this time...Source: http://www.realclearpolitics.com/2013/10/16/kicking_the_can_down_the_road_317939.html
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Pittsburgh to host Prague Writers' Festival

(AP) — The decision to hold the world-renowned Prague Writers' Festival in western Pennsylvania isn't as unlikely as it seems, considering the festival's home base was once the capital of a nation born 95 years ago in a Loyal Order of Moose lodge in Pittsburgh.

The festival has given writers a platform to promote their works but, more importantly, to freely express the thoughts behind them. Friday and Saturday mark the first time the festival will be held in the United States — or anywhere outside Europe, for that matter — at Point Park University downtown.

"It's a festival of ideas," said Michael March, the festival's founder — and often a platform for contentious or unpopular ones. Lawrence Ferlinghetti, a San Francisco writer who won a U.S. Supreme Court appeal of his arrest on obscenity charges in the 1950s, and Salman Rushdie, whose novel "The Satanic Verses" led to death threats from some who felt it attacked Islam, are past participants.

"Writers' festivals are celebratory expressions of intellectual and artistic freedom," said E.L. Doctorow, who will read excerpts of his new novel, "Andrew's Brain," at the festival.

Doctorow, known for works including "Ragtime" and "Billy Bathgate," said festivals are important because in many countries, writers are "censored, jailed, exiled, attacked, murdered, because they know what governments know: that reality is amenable to any construction placed upon it."

That the festival coincides with the anniversary of the birth of what was originally known as Czecho-Slovakia (the country later dropped the hyphen) only adds to that importance, said professor Channa Newman, director of global cultural studies at Point Park. She's also the international program director for the festival and helped bring it to Pittsburgh.

The Czech Senate is sending a delegation, as is the Czech Chamber of Commerce, while the honorary consul representing Slovakia will also attend, Newman said.

"So there's the historical ties, the cultural ties and the business ties, which is now apparently of interest," Newman said.

March agreed that holding the festival in Pittsburgh underscores its international significance.

March, a poet, was raised in New York City. He moved to Europe after the Helsinki Accords attempted to thaw relations between then-Communist bloc nations and the West, and formed a smaller writers' festival in late-1970s London.

March eventually established the Prague Writers' Festival in May 1991, less than two years before Czechoslovakia peacefully split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia. The festival was first held in Wallenstein Palace, now home to the Czech Senate.

Celebrating Czecho-Slovakia's birth brings the festival full circle.

The Pittsburgh Agreement, which announced the intention to form Czecho-Slovakia, grew out of a meeting in May 1918 of the Czecho-Slovak National Committee at the Moose lodge in downtown Pittsburgh, said University of Pittsburgh professor Martin Votruba. He leads what is believed to be the nation's only university program offering a minor in Slovak Studies.

Czechs, Slovaks and some smaller ethnic groups foresaw the disintegration of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and hoped to determine their own future as a nation, instead of having it thrust upon them by the international community, Votruba said.

The resulting Pittsburgh Agreement was essentially a Czecho-Slovak declaration of independence, said Andrew Masich, director of Pittsburgh's Senator John Heinz History Center. The museum, which is affiliated with the Smithsonian, has had a copy of the document since 2007.

The document's author, T. G. Masaryk, declared the nation's independence on Oct. 18, 1918, and became the new nation's first president a month later, after the war.

"People forget, the first Czecho-Slovak flag either flew in Washington, D.C., or in Pittsburgh," March said.

The Pittsburgh Agreement "wasn't a perfect creation, it was an artificial creation during a terrible time of the first World War, a time of absolute devastation for people," March said. But, he said, reflecting on that might help people "appreciate their own environment even more."

Associated PressSource: http://hosted2.ap.org/APDEFAULT/4e67281c3f754d0696fbfdee0f3f1469/Article_2013-10-16-Prague%20Writers'%20Festival/id-2415a8dbc44c4e11ab1da0500032e604
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U.S. House fails to produce plan to avoid default, to try Wednesday


WASHINGTON (Reuters) - The Republican-led U.S. House of Representatives has failed so far to produce a plan to lift the threat of a government default and has abandoned plans to vote on any measure on Tuesday.


Representative Pete Sessions, a senior House Republican, emerged from a meeting in House Speaker John Boehner's office telling reporters Republicans would try to come up with a new plan on Wednesday.


With the U.S. government facing a Thursday default deadline, Boehner tried twice on Tuesday to move a debt limit and government funding bill to the House floor for passage but failed to get enough support.


(Reporting By Richard Cowan and Amanda Becker; Editing by David Brunnstrom)



Source: http://news.yahoo.com/u-house-fails-produce-plan-avoid-default-try-231241585--finance.html
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Iran presents nuclear proposals at Geneva talks

GENEVA (AP) — With PowerPoint slides and feel-good phrases, Iranian negotiators presented world powers on Tuesday with what they said was a plan to break a decade of deadlock over Tehran's nuclear program, declaring the time had come to end the country's "walk in the dark" of international isolation and crippling sanctions.


Neither Iran nor the six nations negotiating with it revealed details of the proposal. But their guarded comments indicated some progress had been made and a rare private meeting between Deputy Foreign Minister Abbas Araghchi and the chief U.S. negotiator, Wendy Sherman, suggested a better tone compared to previous encounters.


Speaking in English, Iranian Foreign Minister Mohammad Javad Zarif outlined the proposal, entitled "An End to the Unnecessary Crisis and a Beginning for Fresh Horizons."


A member of one of the delegations meeting with Iran told The Associated Press the plan offered reductions in both the levels of uranium enrichment being conducted by Iran and the number of centrifuges doing the enrichment — a key demand of the six powers. He demanded anonymity because he was not authorized to divulge details.


Iran's state TV, which closely reflects government views, said Tehran offered to discuss uranium enrichment levels. The report also said Iran proposed adopting the additional protocols of the U.N.'s nuclear treaty — effectively opening its nuclear facilities to wider inspection and monitoring — if the West recognizes Iran's right to enrich uranium.


The Iranian presentation was followed in the afternoon by what European Union spokesman Michael Mann said were very detailed technical talks "for the first time." State Department spokeswoman Jen Psaki repeated the same phrase, saying that while it wasn't "a breakthrough at this stage ... it certainly is positive that there was enough information to have technical discussions."


"They've come forward with something this morning, but we need to work harder on it to get down to the nitty gritty," Mann told reporters. Both he and Psaki said the talks would continue Wednesday.


Araghchi was also upbeat, describing the afternoon session as "positive and constructive," on the website of Iranian state television. He said the six powers — the United States, Russia, China, Britain, France and Germany — asked for details and discussed explanations offered by Iranian negotiators.


Iran's version of success is for painful international sanctions to be lifted in exchange for possible concessions it had been previously unwilling to consider, such as increased monitoring and scaling back of uranium enrichment — a potential path to nuclear arms and the centerpiece of the impasse with the West.


International talks designed to reduce fears that Iran may make such arms have been stalled for most of their 10-year history, with Tehran insisting it has no interest in weapons production, while resisting both enticements and sanctions designed to force it into ending uranium enrichment and other activities that could be used to make weapons.


But negotiations appear now to be driven by the new wind generated since reformist President Hassan Rouhani took office in September.


Senior Iranian officials have expressed readiness to modify their rigid stance since then, and the Geneva talks were seen as the first real test of Tehran's willingness to move from soothing words to concrete and verifiable actions.


At the end of the hour-long PowerPoint presentation, Araghchi described his country's proposal as a potential breakthrough. Alluding to the international pressure over Iran's nuclear program that has driven the country into near-pariah status, he said: "We no longer want to walk in the dark and uncertainty and have doubts about the future."


Iran's uranium enrichment program is at the core of the world powers' concerns. Iran now has more than 10,000 centrifuges churning out enriched uranium, which can be used either to power reactors or to make a nuclear bomb. Iran has long insisted it does not want nuclear arms — a claim the U.S. and its allies have been skeptical about — but has resisted international attempts to verify its aims.


Of the tons of enriched uranium in Iran's stockpile, most is enriched to under 5 percent — a level that needs weeks of further enrichment to turn into weapons-level uranium. But it also has nearly 200 kilograms (440 pounds) of 20 percent-enriched uranium, a form that can be quickly upgraded for weapons use, according to the U.N's atomic agency, which keeps tabs on Iran's nuclear activities. That is close to — but still below — what is needed for one nuclear weapon.


Back pains suffered by Zarif, Iran's foreign minister and chief negotiator, threatened to complicate the talks. However, Mann said the pains did not stop Zarif from having a "cordial" dinner Monday evening with Catherine Ashton, the top EU diplomat convening the talks.


Araghchi said Zarif was "suffering a lot," although he intended to stay in Geneva until the talks ended. He was later seen leaving the service entrance of his upscale hotel in a wheelchair, with security guards wheeling him into a van.


No final deal is expected at the two-day session, but it potentially could be the launching pad for a deal that has proven elusive since negotiations began in 2003, while reducing the specter of armed conflict in the Mideast.


Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu claims that Iran's new leadership is trying to use the negotiations to trick the world into easing sanctions without making any significant concessions. Netanyahu says a nuclear-armed Iran is unacceptable and has repeatedly threatened to attack Iran, unilaterally if necessary, if diplomacy fails to curb the nuclear program.


Netanyahu appeared to make a new threat against Iran on Tuesday when, during a memorial service marking the 40th anniversary of the 1973 Arab-Israeli war, he said a lesson of that conflict is that "pre-emptive strikes must not be ruled out."


One immediate change from previous talks was the choice of language. Tuesday's sessions were held in English, unlike previous rounds under Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, Rouhani's hard-line predecessor, when English and Farsi were spoken and translations provided of the exchange.


___


Associated Press Writer Deb Riechmann in Washington contributed to this report.


Source: http://news.yahoo.com/iran-presents-nuclear-proposals-geneva-talks-133548918--finance.html
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Sony VAIO Flip 15 (SVF15N190X)


The Sony VAIO Flip 15 ($1,199) totally belongs on the set of a high-budget, high-concept science fiction movie. Its mid-lid hinge design lets you perform the convertible tablet/laptop acrobatics that seem clunky on other designs. It's a power users' system, to be sure, and is a good fit for those who sketch, edit, shoot video, and paint as their profession or passion. Once they work the few kinks out of this design, Sony may have something great here.




Design and Features

The VAIO Flip 15 measures about 1 by 15 by 10 inches (HWD) and weighs 4.84 pounds. Its aluminum and glass construction imparts a feeling of sturdiness even though the screen itself is quite thin. The VAIO Flip 15 has a hinge in the middle of the screen, allowing the screen to flip around the lid, giving you the same sort of screen position options that you can get on the Lenovo IdeaPad Yoga 13 ($999) and Lenovo IdeaPad Yoga 11S ($999), but since the acrobatics are limited to the lid, the VAIO Flip 15 still covers its keyboard and trackpad when the lid is closed. A manual switch on the laptop controls the latch, so you're not inadvertently flipping the lid around every time you close the laptop. Unlike the Yoga laptops, the keyboard stays in the same protected orientation, while on the Yoga systems the keyboard flips over to the bottom of the laptop, where you can feel it in tablet mode. While more complex than the Lenovo Yoga, the innovative hinge lets users quickly perform the acrobatics while the laptop itself lies flat on a table. You have to pick up the Yoga brothers to do the flip maneuver.






You can hold the VAIO Flip 15 in your arm while the system is in tablet mode, but with an almost 5 pound system weight, you won't be holding it for long. The 15-inch length of the system also compounds arm fatigue a bit. On a flat surface, you can use the system easily in tablet mode. Also, you can flip the screen around and use it in viewer mode, which is equivalent to the Yoga's stand mode. This mode is where the screen is close to you, and the keyboard is on the other side of the screen, away from you. The built-in accelerometer makes sure the screen is in the correct orientation. The only mode that the VAIO Flip 15 doesn't have that the Yoga laptops have is the so-called tent mode, but that mode is of questionable utility, especially when stand/viewer mode is more useful. Like the Yoga laptops, the VAIO Flip 15 has the most options for finding a comfortable and ergonomic position to use the PC.



The screen on the VAIO Flip 15 is a bright and clear 15.5-inch IPS display with a standard 1,920-by-1,080 resolution, though you can buy VAIO Flip 15 configurations with a higher than 1080p (2,880-by-1,620) resolution. The screen on the VAIO Flip 15 is one of the cleanest and smoothest looking in terms of quality for a visual arts student or professional. To get a higher quality screen, you'd have to look at professional workstation displays. The screen has 10-point capacitive touch and a digitizer built into the panel, which means users can use capacitive or active digitizer styluses in addition to your fingers. The $39.99 Sony stylus is standard on 2,800 by 1,620 resolution models, but is an added option on our test unit. The stylus is more accurate than a capacitive stylus on drawing and paint programs like the ArtRage Studio 3 app that is pre-installed on the system, and Sony has an app it calls Sony Paper that lets you write and sketch as if you were using pen or pencil on paper.



The VAIO Flip 15 has good connectivity, including three USB 3.0 ports, HDMI, SD, and NFC. The system comes with a few pre-loaded apps like Amazon, Kindle, Skype, Evernote Touch, etc. However, the notable pre-loaded software includes the aforementioned ArtRage Studio, Sony Movie Studio Platinum, Acid Music Studio, and SoundForge Audio Studio. This system is ready to go out of the box for the budding creative student or hobbyist, and thus rivals systems like the Apple MacBook Pro 15-inch (Mid 2012) ($1,799) and its siblings in terms of being well suited to photo, music, video, and graphics art production. The system's keyboard is LED backlit as you'd expect, and the keys are relatively easy to get used to, with only a little bit of slipperiness. The keys are the same bright silver color as the keyboard deck without too much contrast, so you may want to give it a tryout in a store if you're a hunt-and-peck typist.



Performance
Sony VAIO Flip 15 (SVF15N190X)
The specs on this system are impressive. It includes an Intel Core i7-4500U processor with Intel HD 4400 graphics, 1TB hard drive with 16GB cache solid-state drive (SSD), and 8GB of DDR3 memory. These specs gave the system competitive benchmark scores, particularly on the multimedia benchmark tests like Handbrake (1:12) and Photoshop CS6 (5:07). The VAIO Flip 15 is faster than the Lenovo IdeaPad Flex 14 ($999) which has a Core i5 processor and SSD combo, though the VAIO Flip 15 is left in the dust by the Editors' Choice for midpriced desktop replacement laptops, the Asus N550JV-DB72T ($1,079), which has a faster Core i7 processor and enthusiast level Nvidia GeForce discrete graphics in it. On the whole, however, you'll be happy with the VAIO Flip 15 as a multimedia creation laptop.





On the battery life test, the VAIO Flip turned in a respectable five hours (5:07), which is an hour longer than the Asus N550JV-DB72T. However, the IdeaPad Flex 14 lasts three hours longer (8:06), and it's not hard to find a touch-based system that also lasts all day in the $1,000+ price range, like the Vizio 15.6-inch Thin + Light Touch (CT15T-B1) ($1,350) (8:40). The VAIO Flip 15 will get you most of the day battery life, though you may be able to stretch that with judicious use of the sleep command.



On the whole, we are bullish on the way Sony handles the convertible laptop conundrum with the Sony VAIO Flip 15. The mid-lid hinge solves a lot of the problems that the Yoga-style flip introduces, and is much more modern than the old swing and pivot hinge on older convertible tablet/laptops. The overall weight and bulkiness of the unit needs to improve if this method is to become the form factor that users accept.


Source: http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/ziffdavis/pcmag/~3/8X0f8l0GxzA/0,2817,2425731,00.asp
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Tuesday, October 15, 2013

Milk-maker hormone may help liver regenerate

Milk-maker hormone may help liver regenerate


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Public release date: 15-Oct-2013
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Contact: Donna Krupa
dkrupa@the-aps.org
American Physiological Society



Study using animal model is published in the American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology




Bethesda, Md. (Oct. 15, 2013)The hormone prolactin is probably best known for its role in stimulating milk production in mothers after giving birth. But prolactin also has an important function in the liver. This organ has the highest number of prolactin receptors in the body, ports that allow this hormone to enter liver cells. There, prolactin signals these cells to multiply and new blood vessels to grow to fuel this organ's expansion.


Wondering if these properties might be useful to encourage the liver to regrow after surgery to remove part of itsometimes necessary to treat cancer or other liver diseases, or to donate liver tissue for transplantsCarmen Clapp of the Universidad Nacional Automoma de Mexico and her colleagues worked with animal models on both ends of a prolactin spectrum: rats that overproduced the hormone, and mice specially bred to have no prolactin receptors, the equivalent of a dearth of the hormone since prolactin can't enter these animals' cells.


The researchers found that the animals with extra prolactin had larger livers, regenerated their livers faster after partial removal, and were significantly more likely to survive that liver surgery compared to the animals that couldn't process prolactin.


The article is entitled "Prolactin Promotes Normal Liver Growth, Survival, and Regeneration in Rodents." It appears in the American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, published by the American Physiological Society. It is available online at http://bit.ly/17SPu23.


Methodology

The researchers made rats overproduce prolactin by implanting two extra anterior pituitary glandsthe gland that produces prolactinin the animals' backs. To make sure the surgery itself wasn't responsible for any effects they saw, they compared these rats to others that had a sham surgery, in which they made incisions but didn't implant extra anterior pituitary glands. To confirm that prolactin itself was responsible for the effects they saw in the overproducers, the researchers injected some of the rats that had the real surgery with a drug that deactivated extra prolactin, bringing the overproducers' prolactin down to baseline levels.


As a contrast to these prolactin overproducers, the researchers also studied mice that were genetically engineered to not have prolactin receptors. Thus, even though these mice made prolactin, their bodies behaved as if they had none of the hormone because their cells couldn't process it.


The researchers measured the ratio of liver to body weight in each of the rats and mice. They tested how readily liver and liver blood vessel cells were dividing in some of the animals from each group. They also removed portions of the animals' livers, comparing how quickly animals from each group regenerated liver tissue. Additionally, they tested the animals' levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), a chemical produced by cells and is kept in check by prolactin. IL-6 can stimulate the liver to repair itself at low levels but can hinder this self-repair at higher levels.


Results

The researchers found that rats that overproduced prolactin had larger livers in proportion to their body weight compared to rats that had normal prolactin levels and those that overproduced prolactin but received the nullifying drug. These overproducers also had significantly larger livers in proportion to their body weight compared to the mice that couldn't process prolactin. Liver cells and liver blood vessel cells were multiplying more readily in the prolactin overproducers than in animals in the other groups.


After the researchers removed portions of the animals' livers, the prolactin overproducers regenerated their livers more quickly than animals from the other groups. Mice that didn't process prolactin not only had smaller livers than the normal mice but were also significantly more likely to die in the days after surgery. Tests showed that these mice had elevated levels of IL-6, a factor that could be partially responsible for their slower healing and increased mortality.


Importance of the Findings

These findings suggest that prolactin is important both for normal liver growth and for regenerating the liver after part of it is removed, with extra prolactin providing a boost for repair mechanisms. Consequently, enhancing prolactin levels could provide a way to improve regeneration when the liver becomes damaged or diseased, or after surgery.


"The use of current medications known to increase prolactinemia (prolactin production) constitute potential therapeutic options in liver diseases, liver injuries, or after liver surgery and warrants further investigation," the study authors write.


###

Study Team

In addition to Carmen Clapp, the study team also includes Bibiana Moreno-Carranza, Maite Goya-Arce, Claudia Vega, Norma Adan, Jakob Triebel, Fernando Lopez-Barrera, and Gonzalo Martinez de la Escalera, of the Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Andres Quintanar-Stephano of the Universidad Autonoma de Aguascalientes, and Nadine Binart of Universite Paris-Sud.



Physiology is the study of how molecules, cells, tissues, and organs function in health and disease. Established in 1887, the American Physiological Society (APS) was the first US society in the biomedical sciences field. The Society represents more than 11,000 members and publishes 14 peer-reviewed journals with a worldwide readership.



NOTE TO EDITORS: To schedule an interview with Dr. Moreno-Carranza, please contact Donna Krupa at dkrupa@the-aps.org, @Phyziochick, or 301.634.7209. The article is available online at http://bit.ly/17SPu23.




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AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.




Milk-maker hormone may help liver regenerate


[ Back to EurekAlert! ]
Public release date: 15-Oct-2013
[


| E-mail



| Share Share

]

Contact: Donna Krupa
dkrupa@the-aps.org
American Physiological Society



Study using animal model is published in the American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology




Bethesda, Md. (Oct. 15, 2013)The hormone prolactin is probably best known for its role in stimulating milk production in mothers after giving birth. But prolactin also has an important function in the liver. This organ has the highest number of prolactin receptors in the body, ports that allow this hormone to enter liver cells. There, prolactin signals these cells to multiply and new blood vessels to grow to fuel this organ's expansion.


Wondering if these properties might be useful to encourage the liver to regrow after surgery to remove part of itsometimes necessary to treat cancer or other liver diseases, or to donate liver tissue for transplantsCarmen Clapp of the Universidad Nacional Automoma de Mexico and her colleagues worked with animal models on both ends of a prolactin spectrum: rats that overproduced the hormone, and mice specially bred to have no prolactin receptors, the equivalent of a dearth of the hormone since prolactin can't enter these animals' cells.


The researchers found that the animals with extra prolactin had larger livers, regenerated their livers faster after partial removal, and were significantly more likely to survive that liver surgery compared to the animals that couldn't process prolactin.


The article is entitled "Prolactin Promotes Normal Liver Growth, Survival, and Regeneration in Rodents." It appears in the American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, published by the American Physiological Society. It is available online at http://bit.ly/17SPu23.


Methodology

The researchers made rats overproduce prolactin by implanting two extra anterior pituitary glandsthe gland that produces prolactinin the animals' backs. To make sure the surgery itself wasn't responsible for any effects they saw, they compared these rats to others that had a sham surgery, in which they made incisions but didn't implant extra anterior pituitary glands. To confirm that prolactin itself was responsible for the effects they saw in the overproducers, the researchers injected some of the rats that had the real surgery with a drug that deactivated extra prolactin, bringing the overproducers' prolactin down to baseline levels.


As a contrast to these prolactin overproducers, the researchers also studied mice that were genetically engineered to not have prolactin receptors. Thus, even though these mice made prolactin, their bodies behaved as if they had none of the hormone because their cells couldn't process it.


The researchers measured the ratio of liver to body weight in each of the rats and mice. They tested how readily liver and liver blood vessel cells were dividing in some of the animals from each group. They also removed portions of the animals' livers, comparing how quickly animals from each group regenerated liver tissue. Additionally, they tested the animals' levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), a chemical produced by cells and is kept in check by prolactin. IL-6 can stimulate the liver to repair itself at low levels but can hinder this self-repair at higher levels.


Results

The researchers found that rats that overproduced prolactin had larger livers in proportion to their body weight compared to rats that had normal prolactin levels and those that overproduced prolactin but received the nullifying drug. These overproducers also had significantly larger livers in proportion to their body weight compared to the mice that couldn't process prolactin. Liver cells and liver blood vessel cells were multiplying more readily in the prolactin overproducers than in animals in the other groups.


After the researchers removed portions of the animals' livers, the prolactin overproducers regenerated their livers more quickly than animals from the other groups. Mice that didn't process prolactin not only had smaller livers than the normal mice but were also significantly more likely to die in the days after surgery. Tests showed that these mice had elevated levels of IL-6, a factor that could be partially responsible for their slower healing and increased mortality.


Importance of the Findings

These findings suggest that prolactin is important both for normal liver growth and for regenerating the liver after part of it is removed, with extra prolactin providing a boost for repair mechanisms. Consequently, enhancing prolactin levels could provide a way to improve regeneration when the liver becomes damaged or diseased, or after surgery.


"The use of current medications known to increase prolactinemia (prolactin production) constitute potential therapeutic options in liver diseases, liver injuries, or after liver surgery and warrants further investigation," the study authors write.


###

Study Team

In addition to Carmen Clapp, the study team also includes Bibiana Moreno-Carranza, Maite Goya-Arce, Claudia Vega, Norma Adan, Jakob Triebel, Fernando Lopez-Barrera, and Gonzalo Martinez de la Escalera, of the Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Andres Quintanar-Stephano of the Universidad Autonoma de Aguascalientes, and Nadine Binart of Universite Paris-Sud.



Physiology is the study of how molecules, cells, tissues, and organs function in health and disease. Established in 1887, the American Physiological Society (APS) was the first US society in the biomedical sciences field. The Society represents more than 11,000 members and publishes 14 peer-reviewed journals with a worldwide readership.



NOTE TO EDITORS: To schedule an interview with Dr. Moreno-Carranza, please contact Donna Krupa at dkrupa@the-aps.org, @Phyziochick, or 301.634.7209. The article is available online at http://bit.ly/17SPu23.




[ Back to EurekAlert! ]

[


| E-mail



| Share Share

]

 


AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.




Source: http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2013-10/aps-mhm101513.php
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